Chapter 19 Empires in collision Middle East and East Asia 1800 1914
1. @SOFISANDOVAL
2. INTRODUCTION s Opium Wars remain a central element of China´s “patriotic education” s Some 170 years after that clash between the Chinese and British empires, the Opium War retains en emotional resonance for many Chinese. s China faced an immense military and political ambitions of rival European states. s Became enmeshed in networks of trade and investment s Touched by various aspects of Eruopean culture – modernity and scientific rationalism
3. MAP OF TIME s 1973 – Chinese rejritish requests for OpenTrade s 1798 – Napoleon invades Egypt s 1838-1842 First Opium War in China s 1850-1864 Taiping uprising in China s 1856-1858 Second Opium War in China s 1868 In Japan: Meji Restoration s 1899-1901 Boxer Rebellion in China s 1911 Chinese Revolution : End of Qing Dynasty
4. CRISIS WITHIN s In 1853 : 430 million Chinese = no Industrial Revolution, no agricultural revolution = couldnt keep up. s Huge peasant population, unemployment, impoverishment, misery and starvation high. s State was unable to effectvely perform many functions: tax collection, flood control, social welfare. = corruption s Gave rise to bandit gangs = peasant rebellion opposed to Qing Dynasty. = Taiping Uprising
5. VIDEO TAIPING REBELLION 3 MINUTE VIDEO: HISTORY OF TAIPING REBELLION s
6. TAIPING REBELLION s Its leading figure, Xiuquan (1814-1864) proclaimed himseld younger brother of Jesus. Establish “heavenly Kigdom of Great Peace”. s Xiuquan renounced the Qing Dynasty. s Taiping officials ordered that the feet of women be unbound. Promised women and men equal shares of land. Women allowed for civil service examinations. s Postured toward women represented sharp challege to long established gendered roles. s Taiping forces – capital in Nanjing. But the lack of communication with other leaders of rebel groups led to the pro-Qing Dynasty to organize themselves. s Qing dynasty loyalits crushed peasant rebellions (Western military support for Qing Dynasty). s = devastation and destruction of civil war weakened China´s economy. 30 million lives lost.
7. WESTERN PRESSURES s 1830s British and Americans found enormous, growing profitable market for this addictive drug: OPIUM s Chinese authorities recognized problem: illegal trade = corruption s China found itself with many millions of addicts. – Emperor decided supppression. s British offended by the seizure of their property in opium – sent a naval expedition to China. = First Opium War
8. OPIUM WARS s First Opium War – Treaty of Nanjing (ended the war in 1842) on British terms, imposed numerous restrictions on Chinese sovereignty and opened 5 ports to European traders. (For China this was = “unequal treaties”.) s Britains victory in a Second Opium War (1856-1858) accompanied by a brutal vandalizing of emperor´s exquisite Summer Palace (humilitation). British wanted more ports , now foreigners allowed to travel freely and buy land in China and preach Christianity. s China lost control of Vietnam, Korea and Taiwan. China was being “carved up”.
9. CONSEQUENCES? s Women: Qiu Jin (1785-1907) left husband and 2 children to study in Japan, started a women ´s journal arguing that liberated women were essential for strong Chinese nation. s Jin “my aim is to dress like a man, in China men are strong and women are viewed weak”. s Qing Dynasty response to foreign led to the edicts in 1898 “Hundred Days of Reform”. s Many organized revolutionaries. China was in the beginning of an immense struggle over country´s future.
10. OTTOMAN EMPIRE s Islamic world represented a highly successful civilization that felt little need to learn from the “infidels” or “barbarians” of the West. s Ottoman Empire protected its pilgrims on their way to the Mecca. s The growing West by the end of the 19th century, Ottoman Empire was no longer able to deal with Europe. s Great West saw Ottoman Empire as the SICK MAN OF EUROPE
11. SICK MAN OF EUROPE s Ottoman Empire shrank considerably at the hands of British, Austrian and French aggresion. s In 1798 Napoleon invasion of Egypt was a stunning blow. = Led to Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria achieved independence based on their own surging for nationalism with the support of the British (army, trade). s Ottoman state weakened, (particularly its ability to raise necessary revenue to fight) – technological and military gap with the West was growing. s Competition from cheap European manufacturer goods hits Ottoman Empire. s = Ottoman Empire falls into a dependency on Europe.
12. REFORM AND ITS OPPONENTS s Sultan Selim III sought to reorganize and update army to draw on European advisers and techniques. s But hostility of powerful factions among the Ulama (religious scholars) and Janissaries overthrow Selim in 1807. s In 1839, reformist measures known as TANZIMAT, reorganization took shape on the Ottoman leaderships to provide Economic, social and legal for a new recentralized state. s Western style new codes, modernization = factories, railroads, steamships, telegraph system. Armaments.
13. REFORMS – WOMEN AND STATE MODERNIZATION s Tanzimat reforms did not address gender issues, they did stimulate modest education for women. s Teacher training college for women in 1870. Favored greater opportunities for them as means of strengthening the state, middle high class were invited to discussions state matters. s Ottoman Empire became in favor of a more European style democratic, less power to the Emperor. s Islamic modernism, such ideas found expression in many parts of Muslim world. – societies argued the need to embrace Western technical knowledge. s Modernity without sacrificing its essential religious character.
14. YOUNG TURKS s Civilian elites known as Young Turks – modernization along European lines to perform Turkish national state. s Led = Turkish as official language. Openings of Univeristies (University of Istambul), women to wear Western clothing, permitted to divorce, restricted polygamy. s Ottoman identity help stimulate Arab and other nationalisms.
15. COMPARING CHINA AND OTTOMAN EMPIRE s Both are/were vibrant Civilizations, shifting balance of power to the West. s Now they were “semi-colonies” within West (Europe). s Chinese and Ottoman Empires couldnt create an Industrial Economy or Strong State. But gave rise to a new conception of society. s In China collpase of Imperial System 1911 – led to a communist regime. s Collapse of Ottoman Empire led to the creation of new but smaller state of Turkey. s Chinese retained traditional Confucian values. s Islam retained a hold on its civilization.
16. JAPANESE DIFFERENCE: RISE OF NEW EAST POWER s Japan confronted the agressice power of the West during the 19th century – Specially United State “black ships” led by Mathew Perrys commodore. – demanding opening ports and a more “normal” relations with the worlds. s Japan undertook a radical form of its society: A revolution from abrove; turning Japan into a powerful, modern, united, industrialized nation. s Japan joined the club of imperialist countries by creating its own Empire. s Building a society that was modern and distincly Japanese.
17. TOKUGAWA BACKGROUND s Japan had been governed by Shogun (military ruler) from the Togukama family. – lived in Tokyo 300 miles away from the seat of power EDO (Tokyo). s Based on military pwer Japan for 2 centuries enjoyed internal peace (1600-1850). No national army, no uniform currency, little central authority at local level, the Tokugama was more into: residence, behavior of status groups and dressing. s Japanese society was divided into: (all devoted to DAIMYO LORDS) s Samurai (top) s Peasants s Artisans and s Merchats
18. TOKUGAWA BACKGROUND s Centuries of peace contributed to economic growth: rice production. s Influence of Confucianism encouraged education and remarkably 40% of its population – literate. s Tokugawa era provided a solid foundation for Japan´s remarkable industrial growth in the late 19th centuries. s Until severe famine in 1830 that eroded with outbursts. – Shogunate was losing control.
19. AMERICAN INTRUSION AND MEJI RESTORATION s Japan deliberately limited contact with the West to a single port and only for the Dutch to allow trade. s United States forced the entrace: Sending Commodore Perry in 1853 to demand humane to American vessels to refuel and buy provisions, and the opening of ports for trade. (By force) s Japan agreed to a series of unequeal treaties with various Western powers. – led to apolitical take over by a group of young samurai from southern Japan: Meji restoration. (Enlightened Rule).
20. MODERNIZATION JAPANESE STYLE s There reforms were revolutionary – transforming Japan. s National Unity – required attack on the power and privileges of both Daimyo and the Samurai (replacing them with governors appointed by a responsible to the national government) Not the local authorities s Special priviledges for the high class was dismantled, with reforms everyone was a commoner. s Elite class had a soft landing in the army, or business enterprises. These social and political changes was a widespread and eager fascination with almost everything from the Western world: technology and science.
21. MODERNIZATION OF JAPAN s Legal and educational systems from the west applied to Japan. Hundreds of students sent abroad, s Western writers were translated into Japanese. s Japan saw the benefit from learning from the West to succesfully apply it to them. s Japan borrowed more selectvely and combine foreign and Japanese elements in distinctive ways. s German experience inffluence: Constitution of 1889. (political parties) s Modern educational system (from the U.S and China; confucianism applied to Shinto)
22. JAPANESE WOMEN? s New government included girls in their plans for universal education. (schools segregated by sex) s Women playin a role in public life or political life was suppressed. s Unitl 1922 women could join a political party. s Constitution of 1889 made NO mention on rights for women. It was almost as the reforms was a threat to women than an opportinuty.
23. INFRASTRUCTURE IN JAPAN s Acted to create a modern infrastructure by building railroads, postal system, national currency and banking. s Japan´s industrilization, organized around a large number of firms called ZAIBATZU s Japan was able to produce its own munitions and industrial goods as well. Enjoyed a mass circulation of newspapers and movie theaters , electric lights on streets = created its own industrial revolution. s Japan taxed heavily and led to protests specially from the outside of cities (poor families) countryside. = starvation
24. WOMEN IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY s Majority of Japan´s textile workers were young women from poor families in the countryside. s Pay was low and their working conditions were terrible, working from 14 to 20 hours per day! s Some committed suicide or ran away and many tried organizing strikes or joined socialist movements which later were repressed.
25. JAPAN AND THE WORLD s By the early 20th century its economic growth, openness to trade and the embrace of “civilization and enlightenment” s The Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1902 acknowledge Japan as an equal player among the Great Powers of the world. s Japan escape from its semi colonial entaglements with the West but it also launched its own empire building enterprise. s Japan was now an economic, politicla and military competitor in Asia.
26. JAPAN AND THE WORLD s Japan defeated Russia in 1905.(over territories in Korea*) = generated admiration among many Asian and European. s The war concluded with the Treaty of Portsmouth, mediated by US President Theodore Roosevelt. The complete victory of the Japanese military surprised world observers. s Thousand flocked to Japan to study its achievements. Japan´s victory over Russia was an “awakening of the East”. s Japanese manage to extend – imperialism to Taiwan. Exceeding the brutality of European imperialism practices. s Nevertheless, Japan was a liberator of Asia from the European yoke and the reality of Japan as an oppressive imperial power in its own right derived from the country´s remarkable modern transformation.
27. REFLECTIONS s Should we consider Japan more successful than China or the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century? s If we measure success is national wealth and power, then Industrial Revolution surely counts as a great accomplishment. But if preservation of the environment, spiritual growth and relationships of village life are more highly valued, then industrialization, as Gandhi argued, might be more reasonably considered a disaster. s Success for whom? Women?