Chapter 14: Economic Transformations: Commerce and Consequence

I. Europeans and Asian Commerce

A. A Portuguese Empire of Commerce

                  1.              Economic weaknesses but military strengths

                  2.              Mombasa, Hormuz, Goa, Malacca, and Macao

                  3.              “Trading post empire” and cartaz pass system

                  4.              Entry into Asian trade

                  5.              Decline after 1600

B. Spain and the Philippines

                  1.              Lure of the Spice Islands

                  2.              Magellan’s voyage (1519–1521)

                  3.              Spanish rule (1565–1898)

                  4.              Mindanao and Islam as an ideology of resistance

                  5.              Manila and the Chinese

C. The East India Companies

                  1.              Organized monopolies that could make war

                  2.              Dutch seizure of the Spice Islands and Taiwan

                  3.              British work with Mughals in India in textile trade

                  4.              “Carrying trade” and bulk commodities

D. Asians and Asian Commerce

                  1.              Limited European impact in Asia

                  2.              Japan initially open but Tokugawa Shogun closed

                  3.              Active Asians: Chinese, Southeast Asian women, Armenians, and Indians

II. Silver and Global Commerce

A. Discovery of Bolivian and Japanese silver deposits

B. Spanish American silver to Manila and then China

C. Chinese taxes paid in silver

D. Potosí

E. Rise and fall of Spanish economy

F. “General crisis” of the seventeenth century

G. Japan’s silver management

H. Commercialization, specialization, and deforestation in China

I. China and India out-produce Europe

III. The “World Hunt”: Fur in Global Commerce

A. North American and Siberian fur sources

B. European population growth and “Little Ice Age”

C. European goods traded for American furs

D. Impact on Native American societies

E. Siberian furs to Europe, China, and the Ottomans

F. Impact on Siberians

IV. Commerce in People: The Atlantic Slave Trade