1. 1. ECHOES OF REVOLUTION • Britains lost of North America colonies, fueled its interest in interventions in Asia – India and the Opium Wars in China. • Napoleon´s brief conquest in Egypt opened the way for a modernizing regime to emerge. • During the 19th centirues the idea of a “constitution” found advocates in Poland, Latin America, Spanish Philippines, British-India and China. • Opened ideas of republicanism, greater social equiality and national liberation from foreign rule. • The echos of the Atlantic Revolutions: o Abolitionists: end of Slavery o Nationalists: hoped foster unity and independence o Feminists: challenged male dominance.
2. 2.. ABOLITION OF SLAVERY • Enlightenment thinkers in 18th century in Europe become increasingly critical of slavery as a violation of natral rights. • Antislavery thinking increased with Quakers and Protestant evangelicals in Britain and United States. • Abolitionist movements in Britain, brought pressure on governments to close down the trade in slaves. (in 1807 Britain end slave trade), British naval patrolled the Atlantic intercepted illegal slave ships and freed human cargoes in West Africa. • Brazil in 1888m was the last to do so. After 4 centuries of Slave trade. • End of Slavery during 19th centiry marked a major turn on social history and moral thinking.
3. 3. NATIONS AND NATIONALISM • End of Slavery, the Atlantic Revolutions also gave new prominence to a relatively recent king of human community; THE NATION. • States did not coincide with the culture of a particular country, French Revolution declared to defend FRENCH NATION against external enemies. • Deeply bounded to their fellows by ties of blood, culture or common land. • Europe´s transformation also facilitated nationalism. • Nationalism proved to be a powerful idea in 19th century and beyond. Inspired political unification of Germany and Italy. Greeks to assert their independence of Ottoman Empire. Czechs and Hungarians to demand more autonomy. Irish to seek separation from Great Britain.
4. 4. FEMINIST BEGINNINGS • Third Echo of the Atlantic revolutions lay in the emergence of feminist movement. Women questioned the subordination of women to men. • The French Revolution then raised the possibility of re-creating human societies many women participated in these events. • Mary Wollstonecraft to pen her famous “Vindication of the Rights of Woman”. – feminist consciousness. • Growing middle class of industrializing societies more women found both educational opportunities and some freedom. • 1870 feminist movements in West were focusing primarily on the Suffrage. • By 1914, some 100,000 women took part in French Feminist organizations. • Upper middle class women had gained entrance to universities. In United States a number of states passed legislation, divorce laws were liberalized in some places also. • Still socialists and other scholars found themselves divided about womens issues.
5. 5. REFLECTIONS • The britality and bitterness of Haitian Revolution arguably contribuited to the unhappy fture of that country. • France was becoming a modern society and feudalism was largely gone. • Slavery ended peacefully in many places, and democratic reform proceeded gradually throughout 19th centuries. • Historians struggle with the passions of revolutions, both pro and con. Seek to understand the origins and consequences of these momentous events, Were revolutions the product of misery, injustice and oppression? • Or did they reflect the growing weakness of established authorities? • Did Haitian Revolution stimulate later the end of slavery? Did the French Revolution encourage temocratic reforms?